France

Gittings, Christopher E. Imperialism and Gender: Constructions of Masculinity. New Lambton, Australia: Dangaroo, 1996.

Clayton, Anthony. France, Soldiers, and Africa. London: Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1988.

Bernier, Celeste-Marie. "'Emblems of Barbarism': Black Masculinity and Representations of Toussaint L’Ouverture in Frederick Douglass’s Unpublished Manuscripts." American Nineteenth Century History 4, no. 3 (2003): 97-120.

Leneman, Leah. In the Service of Life: The Story of Elsie Inglis and the Scottish Women’s Hospitals. Edinburgh: Mercat Press, 1994.

Irwin, Julia F. Making the World Safe: The American Red Cross and a Nation’s Humanitarian Awakening. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Gullickson, Gay L. Unruly Women of Paris: Images of the Commune. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Irwin, Dana Drew. Revolutionary Histrionics: Violence and the Creation of Bourgeois Masculinity in Post-Napoleonic France, 1815–1848. Vol. Ph.D. Atlanta: Emory University, 2013.

Best, Geoffrey. War and Society in Revolutionary Europe, 1770-1870. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982.

Mosse, George L. The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Krüger, Christine. "Sind wir denn nicht Brüder?": Deutsche Juden im nationalen Krieg 1870-71. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2006.

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